Value and format standards

This section defines the controlled vocabularies and duration encoding conventions used in the models. Controlled vocabularies ensure consistency by restricting values to predefined terms with precise meanings.

`AcademicSubjectENUM`

The following terms define the allowed values for identifying the academic subject associated with a resource.

Value	Description
English Language Arts	Encompasses reading, writing, speaking, listening, and language development, including literature, grammar, and vocabulary.
Mathematics	Instruction in numbers, operations, algebra, geometry, statistics, probability, functions, and problem-solving at all grade levels.
Social Studies	Includes geography, civics, economics, anthropology, psychology, and sociology, focused on human behavior, institutions, and society.
Science	The study of the natural and physical world through observation, experimentation, and analysis, including disciplines such as biology, chemistry, physics, earth science, and environmental science.
Other	Academic content that does not fit into traditional subject categories, which may include interdisciplinary studies, career and technical education, life skills, or emerging fields.

`AdoptionStatusENUM`

The following terms define the allowed values for representing the adoption status of a state standards framework.

Term	Definition
Draft	In development; not yet finalized or publicly released.
Proposed	Shared for public review but not officially adopted.
Adopted	Officially released by the issuing body; publicly available.
Implemented	Actively adopted and used in practice by schools or districts.
Retired	No longer recommended or supported; replaced, obsolete, or withdrawn from use.

`Duration`

Durations are encoded using the ISO 8601 standard (PnYnMnDTnHnMnS), allowing precise representation of years, months, days, hours, minutes, and seconds.

Unit	Format	Example	Meaning
Years	PnY	P2Y	Period of 2 years
Months	PnM	P3M	Period of 3 months
Weeks	PnW	P4W	Period of 4 weeks
Days	PnD	P5D	Period of 5 days
Hours	PTnH	PT6H	Period of 6 hours
Minutes	PTnM	PT30M	Period of 30 minutes
Seconds	PTnS	PT45S	Period of 45 seconds
Combined	PnYnMnDTnHnMnS	P1Y2M3DT4H5M6S	Period of 1 year, 2 months, 3 days, 4 hours, 5 minutes, and 6 seconds

`EducationalAudienceENUM`

The following terms define the intended audience for an educational resource.

Value	Definition
Teacher	The resource is designed to support educators in preparing for or delivering instruction (e.g., teacher guides, lesson plans, pacing guides).
Student	The resource is intended to be used directly by learners (e.g., student activities, readings, practice problems).
Family	The resource is meant to engage families or caregivers in supporting student learning (e.g., family letters, at-home discussion guides).

`EducationalUseENUM`

The following terms define the purpose of an educational resource.

Value	Definition
Instruction	The resource is used to support learning through direct instruction, guided practice, exploration, discussion, or other instructional strategies.
Assessment	The resource is designed to evaluate student understanding, either during the learning process (formative) or after instruction (summative).

`GradeLevelENUM`

The following terms define the grade levels a resource is intended for.

Value	Definition
PK	US Pre-Kindergarten
K	US Kindergarten
1	US 1st Grade
2	US 2nd Grade
3	US 3rd Grade
4	US 4th Grade
5	US 5th Grade
6	US 6th Grade
7	US 7th Grade
8	US 8th Grade
9	US 9th Grade
10	US 10th Grade
11	US 11th Grade
12	US 12th Grade
null	Grade level is unspecified, unknown, or not yet classified.

`JurisdictionENUM`

The following terms define the jurisdiction a resource belongs to.

Value	Definition
Alabama	A jurisdiction within the United States of America; one of the 50 states, with its own state constitution, laws, and governance structures.
Alaska	Same as above.
Arizona	Same as above.
Arkansas	Same as above.
California	Same as above.
Colorado	Same as above.
Connecticut	Same as above.
Delaware	Same as above.
Florida	Same as above.
Georgia	Same as above.
Hawaii	Same as above.
Idaho	Same as above.
Illinois	Same as above.
Indiana	Same as above.
Iowa	Same as above.
Kansas	Same as above.
Kentucky	Same as above.
Louisiana	Same as above.
Maine	Same as above.
Maryland	Same as above.
Massachusetts	Same as above.
Michigan	Same as above.
Minnesota	Same as above.
Mississippi	Same as above.
Missouri	Same as above.
Montana	Same as above.
Nebraska	Same as above.
Nevada	Same as above.
New Hampshire	Same as above.
New Jersey	Same as above.
New Mexico	Same as above.
New York	Same as above.
North Carolina	Same as above.
North Dakota	Same as above.
Ohio	Same as above.
Oklahoma	Same as above.
Oregon	Same as above.
Pennsylvania	Same as above.
Rhode Island	Same as above.
South Carolina	Same as above.
South Dakota	Same as above.
Tennessee	Same as above.
Texas	Same as above.
Utah	Same as above.
Vermont	Same as above.
Virginia	Same as above.
Washington	Same as above.
Washington, D.C.	Same as above.
West Virginia	Same as above.
Wisconsin	Same as above.
Wyoming	Same as above.
Multi-State	A jurisdictional designation indicating applicability across more than one U.S. state, rather than being limited to a single state.

`LanguageENUM`

The following terms define the language a resource is available in.

Value	Definition
en-US	English as used in the United States.
es-US	Spanish as used in the United States.

`lmsLoadingGuidanceENUM`

The following terms define the vendor’s guidance for whether or not a resource should be loaded into a Learning Management System (LMS).

Value	Definition
Required	The resource is essential and should always be loaded into the LMS.
Recommended	The vendor suggests this resource should be loaded into the LMS.
Optional	The resource may be loaded into the LMS at the discretion of the school or district.
Not Recommended	The vendor advises against loading this resource into the LMS, though it is not prohibited.
Unspecified	No specific guidance is provided by the vendor regarding LMS inclusion.

`MaterialTypeENUM`

The following terms define how a material relates to the core curriculum, distinguishing between primary instructional materials, optional enhancements, and reference resources.

Value	Definition
Core	Materials that provide the main instructional material (e.g. Lesson)
Supporting	Materials that are optional and enhance or extend the core content, providing additional practice or enrichment opportunities (e.g., optional reading materials, practice worksheets)
Reference	Materials that provide additional information about the learning resource (e.g., Course guides) or is referenced by the instructional activity (e.g., primary sources, novel studied in a Course, glossary).

`NormalizedStatementTypeENUM`

The following terms define the classification of a framework item based on its role in a standards framework.

Value	Definition
Standard	Represents a normative statement of expected knowledge or skill that instructional materials, activities, or assessments may align to. These are the actionable learning expectations that describe what a student should know or be able to do at a given stage.
Standard Grouping	Represents an organizational or structural element in the hierarchy of a standards framework. These elements group related standards under categories such as grade level, domain, strand, or topic. They are not instructional targets themselves but help define the framework’s logical and visual structure.
Other	Represents framework elements that do not serve as instructional targets or structural groupings. These may include legislative introductions, general requirements, explanatory notes, or other non-hierarchical components that provide policy context, implementation guidance, or metadata.
null	Normalized statement type is unspecified, unknown, or not yet classified.

To assign this value, we began by having human reviewers assign the correct normalizedStatementTypelabels across all Mathematics standards frameworks. These expert-assigned values provided the ground truth dataset, ensuring a reliable benchmark. When we compared large language model (LLM) classifications against this human-labeled set, the models achieved accuracy ranging from the low 80s in detailed evaluations to over 90% across full frameworks, with especially strong results on the “Standard” class. Based on these results, we extended the assignment process to English Language Arts, Science, and Social Studies standards frameworks as well.

`StudentGroupingTypeENUM`

The following terms define the intended grouping of students when engaging with an activity or resource.

Value	Definition
Individual	The activity is designed for students to work independently, without interaction with peers, to complete tasks or solve problems.
Pair	The activity is designed for students to work in pairs, fostering one-on-one collaboration, mutual support, and shared problem-solving.
Small Group	The activity is designed for students to work in small groups, typically consisting of 3–5 members, to engage in cooperative learning, share diverse perspectives, and collaboratively complete tasks.
Whole Class	The activity is designed for the entire class to work together as a single group, often led by the teacher, to discuss, analyze, or collaboratively engage in large-scale tasks

Understanding Knowledge Graph

Getting Started

Using Knowledge Graph

Graph Reference

Resources

`AcademicSubjectENUM`

`AdoptionStatusENUM`

`Duration`

`EducationalAudienceENUM`

`EducationalUseENUM`

`GradeLevelENUM`

`JurisdictionENUM`

`LanguageENUM`

`lmsLoadingGuidanceENUM`

`MaterialTypeENUM`

`NormalizedStatementTypeENUM`

`StudentGroupingTypeENUM`

​AcademicSubjectENUM

​AdoptionStatusENUM

​Duration

​EducationalAudienceENUM

​EducationalUseENUM

​GradeLevelENUM

​JurisdictionENUM

​LanguageENUM

​lmsLoadingGuidanceENUM

​MaterialTypeENUM

​NormalizedStatementTypeENUM

​StudentGroupingTypeENUM

`AcademicSubjectENUM`

`AdoptionStatusENUM`

`Duration`

`EducationalAudienceENUM`

`EducationalUseENUM`

`GradeLevelENUM`

`JurisdictionENUM`

`LanguageENUM`

`lmsLoadingGuidanceENUM`

`MaterialTypeENUM`

`NormalizedStatementTypeENUM`

`StudentGroupingTypeENUM`